Plateforme Télé-Enseignement de l'Université Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella
Site blog
Purpose: To document the clinical characteristics and inheritance pattern of epilepsy in multigeneration Algerian families.
Methods: Affected members from extended families with familial epilepsy were assessed at the University Hospital of Oran in Algeria. Available medical records, neurological examination, electroencephalography and imaging data were reviewed. The epilepsy type was classified according to the criteria of the International League Against Epilepsy and modes of inheritance were deduced from pedigree analysis.
Results: The study population included 40 probands; 23 male (57.5%) and 17 female subjects (42.5%). The mean age of seizure onset was 9.5 6.1 years. According to seizure onset, 16 patients (40%) had focal seizures and 20 (50%) had generalized seizures. Seizure control was achieved for two patients (5%) for 10 years, while 28 (70%) were seizure-free for 3 months. Eleven patients (27.5%) had prior febrile seizures, 12 were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and four families had syndromic epilepsy. The consanguinity rate among parents of affected was 50% with phenotypic concordance observed in 25 families (62.5%). Pedigree analysis suggested autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance with or without reduced penetrance in 18 families (45%), probable autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance in 14 families (35%), and an X-linked recessive inheritance in one family.
Conclusion: This study reveals large Algerian families with multigenerational inheritance of epilepsy. Molecular testing such as exome sequencing would clarify the genetic basis of epilepsy in some of our families.
Keywords
Familial epilepsy, Inherited epilepsy, Consanguinity, Pedigree, Algeria
Summary
Purpose: The goal of this case—control study was to identify the significance of consanguinity and other risk factors for epilepsy in Oran, Algeria.
Methods: Unrelated epileptic patients upwards of 16 years, who attended the Neurology Depart- ment between October 2013 and March 2014 were included in the study. Controls, matched for age and sex, were selected among non-epileptic patients attending the same department dur- ing the same period. The risk factors evaluated were: consanguinity, family history of epilepsy, perinatal complications, infection of the central nervous system, mental retardation, neuro- logical impairment, history of febrile seizures, severe head trauma, cerebrovascular diseases, and addiction.
Results: 101 cases and 202 controls participated in the study. Multivariate logistic regression identified five factors significantly associated with epilepsy: first-degree of consanguinity (odds ratio (OR) = 2.15), history of epilepsy in first-degree relatives (OR = 4.03), antecedent of febrile seizures (OR = 5.38), severe head injury (OR = 2.94) and mental retardation (OR = 9.32). Conclusion: Consanguinity, family history of epilepsy, history of febrile seizures, severe head trauma and mental retardation are risk factors for epilepsy. The implementation of a strategy for prevention and awareness of the impact of consanguineous marriages as well as genetic counseling for couples with a family history of epilepsy are needed.
Keywords
Epilepsy; Consanguinity; Risk factors; Oran; Algeria
De nombreuses études ont affirmé l’existence d’une composante génétique dans le déterminisme de la dépression et estimé cette héritabilité à environ 40%. Les nouvelles stratégies de recherche en génétique clinique, employant des techniques récentes de biologie moléculaires et des analyses à l’échelle du génome, ont permis d’identifier un certain nombre de variants dans des gènes candidats pour la dépression. A ce jour, prés de 2000 études d’association génétique ont été réalisées dans la dépression afin d’identifier des gènes de vulnérabilité. Ces gènes candidats affectent plusieurs axes biologiques de la dépression, notamment la voie des neurotransmetteurs et les monoamines, les facteurs neurotrophiques et neuroprotecteurs et l’axe du stress hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien.
Cependant, malgré les nombreux résultats publiés, il apparaît actuellement que la puissance statistique de ces variants génétiques est peu significative et l’architecture génétique exacte de la dépression demeure peu comprise.
D’autre part, certains gènes candidats sont incriminés dans la réponse au traitement antidépresseur, en codant pour les cibles médicamenteuses. De nombreux travaux de pharmacogénétique ont été réalisés ces dernières années, mais les résultats obtenus ne permettent pas encore leur application en pratique clinique.
La dépression comme les principales affections psychiatriques est considérée comme une maladie multifactorielle et polygénique, dans laquelle de nombreux facteurs génétiques interagissent avec les facteurs environnementaux, favorisant la prédisposition à la maladie.
Parmi ces facteurs environnementaux, les évènements de vie stressants et surtout ceux intervenant précocement dans la vie, durant l’enfance, joueraient un rôle crucial dans l’augmentation du risque de la maladie à l’âge adulte. En effet, de nombreux travaux d’interaction gène-environnement et d’épigénétique, réalisés ces dernières années d’abord chez l’homme et chez l’animal ont montré que l’exposition à certains facteurs de stress comme la maltraitance pendant l’enfance influence le développement cérébral en provoquant des anomalies fonctionnelles permanentes, prédisposant les individus à des problèmes de santé mentale à l’âge adulte. Nous discuterons dans ce chapitre uniquement les aspects génétiques de la dépression unipolaire.
In : La dépression : Un problème majeur de santé publique. Sous la coordination de M. Taleb. Mai 2016.
La comorbidité ou « double diagnostic » est définie par l’OMS en 1995 comme la cooccurrence, chez un même individu, d’un trouble lié à la consommation d’une substance psychoactive (SUD) et d’un autre trouble psychiatrique. Cette association n’implique ni un lien de causalité, ni la présence des deux troubles au même moment. Les troubles co-occurrents ont alors un pronostic et une évolution plus sévères que celui de chacun des troubles pris indépendamment et impliquent des stratégies de dépistage et de prise en charge adaptées. Des études princeps ont souligné que les SUD sont plus fréquents chez les personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux que dans la population générale (7) (9) (10), contribuant ainsi à la forte charge de morbidité dans le monde (8). Le trouble dépressif est parmi les troubles psychiatriques qui co-occurrent le plus avec les troubles liés à l’usage de substances psychoactives (1)(2). La prévalence de cette comorbidité est particulièrement élevée chez les adolescents, elle atteint les 24 à 50% (3) et constitue un véritable problème de santé publique (4). La principale complication de cette association est l’augmentation du risque suicidaire (5). De plus, plusieurs études montrent que les patients au double diagnostic sont cliniquement plus sévères et difficiles à stabiliser, avec un plus grand taux d’incapacité et d’invalidité et une plus grande utilisation des services de soins, que ceux ayant un trouble isolé (6)(7). Plusieurs hypothèses ont été émises pour expliquer les taux élevés de comorbidité. D’abord, un trouble mental peut influer directement sur l'autre, comme l'utilisation excessive d'alcool peut produire une dépression chez les personnes dépendantes. Il a été suggéré également, que les patients dépressifs peuvent abuser de substances psychoactives dans un but d’automédication pour soulager leurs symptômes, notamment l’anxiété. Une troisième possibilité est que la comorbidité peut résulter de causescommunes partagées par prédisposition génétique ou facteurs socio-économiques (2). Cependant, en dépit des taux élevés de cette comorbidité, des nombreux travaux réalisés et des hypothèses explicatives proposées, le problème de la co-occurrence reste mal compris et insuffisamment pris en compte en pratique clinique.
In : La dépression : Un problème majeur de santé publique. Sous la coordination de M. Taleb. Mai 2016.
La dépression est le trouble psychiatrique le plus commun des affections neurologiques chroniques telles que l'épilepsie, la maladie de Parkinson, la sclérose en plaques et les accidents vasculaires cérébraux. Elle est associée à une détérioration de la qualité de vie des malades, à une accentuation de leur incapacité fonctionnelle, et à une diminution de leur durée de vie. Le diagnostic de la dépression dans les maladies neurologiques est difficile en raison du chevauchement des symptômes. En effet, les troubles neurologiques s’accompagnent généralement de troubles du sommeil et de l'appétit, de fatigue, d'apathie et de manque de concentration ; symptômes communément retrouvés dans la dépression. Un diagnostic et un traitement précoces améliorent considérablement la qualité de vie de ces patients.
In : La dépression : Un problème majeur de santé publique. Sous la coordination de M. Taleb. Mai 2016.
Abstract
Purpose: The goal of this retrospective study is to identify early predictors of in- tractable epilepsy.
Methods: This case-control study conducted from January 2007 to December 2012 included 106 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and 212 controls with well-con- trolled epilepsy.Univariate and multivariate analysis of predictive factors of refractoriness were performed using logistic regression. Results: in the final model, four factors significantly associated with intraitable epilepsy were identifier: aetiology (p=0.001), high initial seizure fréquence (p<0.0001), status epilepticus (p=0.002) and initial myoclonic seizures (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the Risk of developing drug résistant epilepsy could be predicted at an early stage of the disease by some clinicat features. This could help the cliniciens to make the best therapy décisions and improve patient's Quality of Life.
Although several studies have documented a strong association between epilepsy and some psychiatric comorbidities, either before or after the diagnosis of epilepsy, depression and other disorders remain under diagnosed and undertreated in People With Epilepsy (PWE) [1].
According to epidemiological data, 25-48% of PWE suffer from mood disorders, and 14-31% from anxiety [2]. Moreover, depression represents one of the most common psychiatric disorders in PWE, with a point prevalence ranging from 12-37% in community settings [3]. In clinical studies, depressive symptoms in epilepsy have been associated with several variables such as poor seizure control, duration of epilepsy, having complex partial seizures or temporal lobe epilepsy, unemployment and the use of antiepileptic polytherapy.
Recent reports have suggested a bidirectional relationship between epilepsy and depression [4]. Both conditions are episodic and may involve common pathogenic mechanisms. Indeed, epilepsy can lead to depression through its specific psychosocial consequences such as poor patient acceptance of his epilepsy, stigma and anticipatory anxiety associated with the unpredictable occurrence of seizures. On the other hand, Depressive symptoms in epilepsy impair patients’ health-related Quality Of Life (QOL) and may affect the clinical course of epilepsy.
Abstract
Objectives - This study aims to investigate the surrounding family when several cases of epileptics are found, the goal is to establish inheritance patterns and to identify genetic variants and to document the genotype/phenotype correlation. Materials and methods - Affected members from extended families with familial epilepsy were assessed at the University Hospital of Oran between December 2011 and December 2016. All participants underwent neurological examination, EEG and brain MRI. Epileptic syndromes have been classified according to the International League Against Epilepsy (LICE) criteria, and the modes of inheritance have been established through genealogical analysis. After genomic DNA extraction, genetic variants of susceptibility to epilepsy were investigated by comparative genomic hybridization on DNA microarrays (CGH-array) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results - Sixty-five epileptic families participated in this study. The mean age of seizure onset was 9.5 ± 6.1 years with a slight male predominance (sex ratio: 1.35). 50% had generalized seizures and 40% experienced focal seizures. The consanguinity rate among parents of affected was 50% with phenotypic concordance observed in 2/3 of families. According to pedigree analysis, epilepsy was inherited in an AD mode with or without reduced penetrance in 29 families (44.6%) and AR mode in 23 families (35.4%). Genetic analyzes have identified mutations in the EPM1 gene in patients with progressive myoclonic epilepsy, a mutation in the RELN gene in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia, and both benign and pathogenic CNVs. In addition, a de novo mutation (p.A39E) in the GAL gene was identified in monozygotic twins with temporal lobe epilepsy. Functional analysis strongly supports GAL as the causal gene for the TLE in this family. Conclusion - This study described the epileptic phenotype and determined the mode of transmission of epilepsy in large multigenerational Algerian families, and identified known genetic variants but also interesting neomutations.
Keywords
Epilepsy, genetics, mutation, CGH array, exome sequencing
Abstract
Introduction - Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease whose risk factors are very heterogeneous from one population to another. The role attributed to inbreeding in the development of genetically determined diseases has been well documented. However, its association with epilepsy has been suggested by some studies and refuted by others. The goal of this case-control study was to identify the significance of consanguinity and other risk factors of epilepsy in a population of western Algeria. Patients and methods - Unrelated epileptic patients upwards of 16 years, who attended the Neurology Department of Oran University Hospital between October 2013 and March 2014, were included in the study. Controls matched for age and sex, were selected among non- epileptic patients attending the same department during the same period for another neurological disorder. The risk factors evaluated were: consanguinity, family history of epilepsy, perinatal complications, infection of the central nervous system, mental retardation, neurological impairment, history of febrile seizures, severe head trauma, stroke and addiction. Results - 101 cases and 202 controls participated in the study. Multivariate logistic regression identified five factors significantly associated with epilepsy: first-degree parental consanguinity (p=0.029), history of epilepsy in first-degree relatives (p<10-4), antecedent of febrile seizures (p=0.005), severe head injury (p=0.020) and mental retardation (p=0.006). Conclusion - This case-control study identified risk factors associated with epilepsy, and demonstrated familial aggregation of epilepsy in a population of western Algeria. The implementation of a strategy for prevention and awareness of the impact of consanguineous marriages as well as genetic counselling for couples with a family history of epilepsy are needed.
keywords
Epilepsy, Consanguinity, Risk factors, Algeria
Abstract
Introduction - Several studies have shown a strong relationship between schizophre- nia and epilepsy. This association implies a common genetic susceptibility for both conditions. This study aims to identify genetic variants of susceptibility to epilepsy and schizophrenia in an Algerian family.
Patients and methods - All available members of this family underwent clinical and electroencephalographic evaluation. Genetic analysis by whole exome sequencing was performed after DNA extraction.
Results - In this study, we report a family with two brothers having temporal lobe epi- lepsy associated to schizophrenia in one, and to recurrent depressive disorder in the other. Exome sequencing identified homozygous single nucleotide variant in the RELN gene (rs55689103) in patient with schizophrenia. His brother was heterozygous for the same variant.
Conclusion - The polymorphism rs55689103 could be involved in schizophrenic pheno- type in this family, but not in epilepsy phenotype. Further investigations of blood Reelin level and RELN promoter methylation are key components to interpreting the results of this study.
Keywords
Reelin, RELN, Polymorphism, epilepsy, schizophrenia